Неравенство возможностей: трактовка, методы и проблемы оценки
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2020.404Аннотация
Предметом исследования статьи выступает теория равных возможностей и ее продуктивность в изучении взаимосвязи неравенства и экономического роста. Актуальность
работы обусловлена ростом неравенства во всем мире и негативной оценкой этого процесса широкими слоями общества, отсутствием в современной экономической теории
консенсуса по поводу направления связи между неравенством и экономическим ростом, а также противоречивостью результатов ее эмпирических исследований. Основная гипотеза исследования состоит в том, что упомянутые теоретические и эмпирические противоречия могут быть разрешены путем выделения двух компонентов неравенства — неравенства возможностей и неравенства усилий — и оценки влияния каждого из них на экономический рост. Необходимость дифференциации неравенства возможностей и неравенства усилий обоснована в рамках теории равных возможностей. В статье кратко представлены ее возникновение, развитие и современное состояние. Установлено, что в настоящее время хорошо разработаны методы измерения неравенства возможностей и выполнена их аппробация на микроданных многих стран, в том числе и России. Кроме того, на теоретическом уровне описаны механизмы обратного влияния неравенства возможностей и прямого влияния неравенства усилий на экономический рост. Вместе с тем эмпирических исследований, направленных на изучение связи между неравенством возможностей, неравенством усилий и экономическим ростом, очень мало. В практическом плане работы по неравенству возможностей интересны тем, что они смещают цели и приоритеты государственной политики от выравнивания результатов к выравниванию возможностей, позволяя двигаться одновременно как к более справедливому, так и к более экономически эффективному общественному устройству.
Ключевые слова:
неравенство, неравенство возможностей, неравенство достижений, факторы-усилия, факторы-обстоятельства, экономический рост, теория равных возможностей.
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Schokkaert E., Devooght K. (2003) Responsibility-sensitive fair compensation in different cultures. Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 21, pp. 207–242.
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Shaheen S., Sarwar Awan M., Ahmed Raza C. (2016) Measuring inequality of opportunity in Pakistan: parametric and non-parametric analysis. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, vol. 54, iss. 2, pp. 165–190.
Singh A. (2010) The effect of family background on individual wages and an examination of inequality of opportunity in India. Journal of Labor Research, vol. 31, iss. 3, pp. 230–246.
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Tuominen E. (2016b) Top-end inequality and growth: Empirical evidence. Working Papers 1608. University of Tampere, School of Management, Economics. 34 p.
Wahiba N., El Weriemmi M. (2014) The relationship between economic growth and income inequality. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, vol. 4, iss. 18, pp. 135–143.
World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development. (2005) World Bank. Washington, DC, World Bank. 320 p.
Zhang Y., Eriksson T. (2010) Inequality of opportunity and income inequality in nine Chinese provinces,1989-2006. China Economic Review, vol. 21, iss. 4, pp. 607–616.
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Лицензия
Статьи журнала «Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Экономика» находятся в открытом доступе и распространяются в соответствии с условиями Лицензионного Договора с Санкт-Петербургским государственным университетом, который бесплатно предоставляет авторам неограниченное распространение и самостоятельное архивирование.
