Inequality of opportunities: Interpretation, methods and problems of estimation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2020.404Abstract
The topic of this research is the theory of equal opportunities and its application to the relationship between inequality and economic development. The relevance of the work is due, first, to the fact that inequality grows throughout the world, creating conditions for the growth of social tension; second, to the lack of general consensus on the direction of the relationship between inequality and economic growth; and third, to contradictory results of empirical studies on this issue. The main hypothesis of the study is that these theoretical and empirical contradictions can be resolved by dividing inequality into two components —inequality of opportunity and inequality of effort — and studying their impact on economic growth separately. The idea of distinguishing between inequality of opportunity and inequality of effort is a core part of the theory of equal opportunities. The paper briefly reviews the roots, development, and current state of the theory. Methods for measuring inequality of opportunities have been developed and tested on microdata from many countries, including Russia. Also, at the theoretical level, mechanisms of the negative impact of inequality of opportunities and the positive impact of inequality of efforts on economic growth have been
identified. At the same time, there are very few empirical studies dealing with the relationship between inequality of opportunity, inequality of effort, and economic growth. In practical terms, studies of the inequality of opportunity are important because they shift the goals and priorities of public policy from equalizing outcomes to equalizing opportunities. This makes it possible to move towards a more just and rapidly developing society.
Keywords:
inequality, inequality of opportunities; inequality of achievements; factors-efforts; factors-circumstances, economic growth, the theory of equal opportunities.
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References
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Pauhofova I. and others (2020) Measuring of inequality of opportunity: parametric approach. Ekonomický časopis, vol. 68, iss. 5, pp. 455–476.
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Ramos X., Van de Gaer D. (2016) Approaches to Inequality of Opportunity: Principles, Measures and Evidence. Journal of Economic Surveys, vol. 30, iss. 5, pp. 855–883.
Rawls J. (1971) A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 607 p.
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Schokkaert E., Devooght K. (2003) Responsibility-sensitive fair compensation in different cultures. Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 21, pp. 207–242.
Sen A. (1980) Equality of What? The Tanner Lecture on Human, vol. 1, pp. 197–220.
Shaheen S., Sarwar Awan M., Ahmed Raza C. (2016) Measuring inequality of opportunity in Pakistan: parametric and non-parametric analysis. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, vol. 54, iss. 2, pp. 165–190.
Singh A. (2010) The effect of family background on individual wages and an examination of inequality of opportunity in India. Journal of Labor Research, vol. 31, iss. 3, pp. 230–246.
Sitaraman G. (2017) The Crisis of the Middle-Class Constitution: Why Economic Inequality Threatens Our Republic. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. 423 p.
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Transition report 2016–17. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. URL: https:// http://2016.tr-ebrd.com/inequality-of-opportunity/ (дата обращения: 19.12.2019).
Tuominen E. (2016a) Changes or levels? Reassessment of the relationship between top-end inequality and growth. Working Papers 1609. University of Tampere, School of Management, Economics. 36 p.
Tuominen E. (2016b) Top-end inequality and growth: Empirical evidence. Working Papers 1608. University of Tampere, School of Management, Economics. 34 p.
Wahiba N., El Weriemmi M. (2014) The relationship between economic growth and income inequality. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, vol. 4, iss. 18, pp. 135–143.
World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development. (2005) World Bank. Washington, DC, World Bank. 320 p.
Zhang Y., Eriksson T. (2010) Inequality of opportunity and income inequality in nine Chinese provinces,1989-2006. China Economic Review, vol. 21, iss. 4, pp. 607–616.
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